【辭典】evidence 證據

寫這個主題，一開始是搞不懂“preponderance of the evidence”。

參照船津特許事務所: 對evidence的解譯：
證 據的基準分成：1.無疑義的證據（beyond a reasonable doubt）、2.明暸且確信的證據（clear and convincing evidence）、3.優越的證據（標準的證據？）（preponderance of the evidence）、4.表面證據（prima facie evidence）。證據水平依順為由4.→1.。

參照船津特許事務所: "preponderance of the evidence"：
優越的證據為在民事訴訟中通常適用的證據水平。亦即，比較相對立當事者的主張後，採用說服力較優越方之當事者的主張。

參照船津特許事務所: "prima facie evidence"
雖然並非決定性的證據，但是至少是依據常識時會被認為具有說服力的證據。在對方提出反證前的階段，為了讓程序進行而使用的證據。
prima facie case of unpatentability：關聯於核駁之程度的證據

參照船津特許事務所: "beyond a reasonable doubt"
刑法中，對於顯示有罪的事實，明確到心裡毫無懷疑之程度的證據。

參照船津特許事務所: "clear and convincing evidence"
民事訴訟中最高程度水平的證據。要求有能明確地壓倒對方主張的說服力

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另外請參考一下，我看判例時所收集的證據水平的依據：
Patently-O: Patent Law Blog: Pain for Purdue Pharma: CAFC affirms inequitable conduct finding: "This case is an interesting exercise in standards of review and burdens of proof and persuasion. Inequitable conduct requires a showing by 'clear and convincing evidence,' which is quite high (patent infringement requires only a showing by a 'preponderance of the evidence'). The Federal Circuit conducted a deferential review of the district court's inequitable conduct ruling. This heightened standard involves reviewing the materiality and intent factual findings for 'clear error' and reviewing the ultimate inequitable conduct conclusion for an 'abuse of discretion.' So, while an initial inequitable conduct showing is a tough burden, if a district court's ruling is well supported, it may be relatively tough to overturn. "

JUST PATENT -- Grow Up With You!: PMAP: CASE2005: Princeton Biochemicals, Inc. v. Beckman Coulter, Inc.: "Specifically, e jurthy found that Princeton proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Beckman’s devices infringed claim 32 of the ‘172 patent; that Beckman did not prove by clear and convincing evidence that claim 32 of the patent was invalid for obviousness; and finally, that Beckman did not prove “by clear and convincing evidence that claim 32 is invalid because the invention described in that claim was made by Beckman before it was made by Princeton.” "