【辭典】contingent base
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_fee
A contingent fee (in the United States) or conditional fee (in England and Wales) is any fee for services provided where the fee is only payable if there is a favourable result. In the law is defined as "[a] fee charged for a lawyer's services only if the lawsuit is successful or is favorably settled out of court...Contingent fees are usually calculated as a percentage of the client's net recovery."[1].
In the English legal system is generally referred as No win no fee. Being this a conditional fee agreement between a law firm and a client. The usual form of this agreement is that the solicitor will take a law case on the understanding that if lost, no payment is done.
However if the case is won the lawyer will be entitled to his normal fee based on hourly billing, plus a success fee. The success fee in England must be as a percentage no greater than 100% of the normal fee, provided this contrasts with the contingency fee in the USA which gives the successful attorney a percentage of the damages awarded in favor of his client.
12/21/2009
12/04/2009
幾個重要國家的商標檢索網站
幾個重要國家的商標檢索網站
台灣
http://tipo.hinet.net/TIPO_DR/index.jsp
新加坡
http://www.surfip.gov.sg/
註：亦可查詢加拿大、英國、香港、菲律賓、越南、馬來西亞、印尼、WIPO、美國與歐盟
中國
http://sbcx.saic.gov.cn/trade/index.jsp
韓國
http://detseng.kipris.or.kr/dets_en/loin1000a.do?method=loginTM
日本
http://www3.ipdl.inpit.go.jp/cgi-bin/ET/ep_main.cgi?1207010537203
美國
http://www.uspto.gov/main/trademarks.htm
歐盟
http://oami.europa.eu/CTMOnline/RequestManager/de_SearchBasic?transition=start&source=Log-in.html&language=en&application=CTMOnline
10/27/2009
智財、專利及TRIZ
智財及TRIZ：
http://sunrise.hk.edu.tw/~msung/Research/Creativity/TRIZ/TRIZ_tree/TRIZ_index.htm
智財及專利
http://sunrise.hk.edu.tw/~msung/Research/Creativity/Patent/Patent_tree/Patent_index.htm
http://sunrise.hk.edu.tw/~msung/Research/Creativity/TRIZ/TRIZ_tree/TRIZ_index.htm
智財及專利
http://sunrise.hk.edu.tw/~msung/Research/Creativity/Patent/Patent_tree/Patent_index.htm
10/26/2009
日文說明書中利用照片作為圖示的注意事項
來源日本特許廳。
(1)図面は、原則として製図法に従って、黒色で、鮮明にかつ容易に消すことができないように描くものとし、着色してはなりません。
1、圖示原則上應依據製圖法進行繪圖，且應為黑色、鮮明、不容易消失，且不可著上顏色的圖。
4．図面として採用できる写真
(1)製図法に従って作図することが極めて困難なものであって、顕微鏡写真、Ｘ線写真、結晶構造、金属組織、繊維の形状、粒子構造、生物の形態、オシロ波形、電気泳動、セラミック材料の組織、コロイド、薄膜、クロマトグラフ、基板上に形成された微細なパターン、ディスプレー上に表示した中間調画像及びガラスの切断面の状態を表している写真は、図面として採用されます。
ただし、写真は明瞭なものであり、かつ、公報等に鮮明に掲載することができるものに限られます。
(2)図面として採用される写真を添付するときは、明細書の「【図面の簡単な説明】」の欄に何を表した顕微鏡写真であるのように、写真であることをを明記して下さい。
(3)色彩写真及び青写真は、正式の図面としては認められませんが、参考写真又は参考図面として提出することができます。この場合、これらの参考写真及び参考図面は正式の図と同一の用紙に記載してはなりません。また、参考写真又は参考図面の説明は、明細書の「【図面の簡単な説明】」の欄に記載してはなりません。参考写真及び参考図面の説明が必要な場合は、当該参考写真又は参考図面の余白に記載して下さい。
4、能夠採用照片作為圖示
（1） 利用製圖法非常難以製圖的圖示，例如「顕微鏡写真、Ｘ線写真、結晶構造、金属組織、繊維の形状、粒子構造、生物の形態、オシロ波形、電気泳動、セラミック材料の組織、コロイド、薄膜、クロマトグラフ、基板上に形成された微細なパターン、ディスプレー上に表示した中間調画像及びガラスの切断面の状態を表している」等的照片，係能夠被採用作為圖示。但是，僅限於清楚的且係能夠被明確地揭示於公報等中的照片。
（2） 添付照片作為圖示時，應於說明書之「圖示的簡單說明」欄位中，明記例如“顯示何種物的顯微鏡照片”的照片說明。
（3） 用彩色照片及藍色照片作為正式的圖示是不被允准的，但是可以用參考照片或參考圖示的方式提出。此種情況時，該等參考照片及參考圖示，不可以與正式的圖示同時被揭示於相同的紙張上。而且，參考照片及參考圖示的說明，亦不可以記載於說明書之「圖示的簡單說明」欄位中。若必要記載參考照片及參考圖示的說明時，請於該參考照片及參考圖示的空白處加以記載。
10/03/2009
臺灣與美國的專利制度不同處之一
l 結論
臺灣的制度與美國的制度不同，在臺灣的專利實務中，不能夠用「先申請後公開」的前案當作進步性的拒絕理由，但在美國可以用「先申請後公開」的前案當作進步性的理由。此外，請留意103(c)另規定有但書，如果「先申請後公開」的前案與本發明申請案的擁有人相同時，則就不能夠用「先申請後公開」的前案當作進步性的拒絕理由。
l 關於法條的規定，請參考103(a)的條文
(a) A patent may not be obtained though the invention is not identically disclosed or described as set forth in section 102 of this title, if the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains. Patentability shall not be negative by the manner in which the invention was made.
法條中使用“in section 102”的用語，表示其包含102(e)的情況。可以再參考MPEP 2141.01 中的記載「A 35 U.S.C. 103 rejection is based on 35 U.S.C. 102(a), 102(b), 102(e), etc. depending on the type of prior art reference used and its publication or issue date.」。
l 關於法條的規定，請參考103(c)的條文
(c)(1) Subject matter developed by another person, which qualifies as prior art only under one or more of subsections (e), (f), and (g) of section 102 of this title, shall not preclude patentability under this section where the subject matter and the claimed invention were, at the time the claimed invention was made, owned by the same person or subject to an obligation of assignment to the same person.
因此，依據103(c)的規定，於發明當時適用102(e)的前案（亦即「先申請後公開」的前案）與本案被同一人所擁有時，102(e)的前案不能夠當作進步性的拒絕理由。
l 假設所引用的前案及本案的申請日優先權日如下
| 前案 | 專利號或公開號 | 公開日 | 申請日 | 發明人 |
| A | 12-2008 | Jun 21, 2004 | ||
| B | 01-2006 | Jun 29, 2005 |
| 本案 | 專利申請號 | 優先日 | 申請日 | 發明人 |
| C | 2005/7/7 | 2006/7/7 |
由於本案的優先權日晚於前案A及B的申請日，因此依據103(a)的規定，能夠用依據102(e)的前案來核駁本案的進步性。此外，由於前案與本案的擁有人不相同，不符合103(c)的例外條件。因此，我方認為審查員所引用的前案是適格的前案。
l 美國最高法院的判例
關於此問題，還可以參考美國最高法院的判例「Hazeltine Research, Inc. v. Brenner, 382 U.S. 252, 147 USPQ 429 (1965)」，請參閱附件。其中記載：
The Commissioner, relying chiefly on Alexander Milburn Co. v. Davis-Bournonville Co., 270 U.S. 390, contends that when a patent is issued, the disclosures contained in the patent become a part of the prior art as of the time the application was filed, not, as petitioners contend, at the time the patent is issued. In that case a patent was held invalid because, at the time it was applied for, there was already pending an application which completely and adequately described the invention. In holding that the issuance of a patent based on the first application barred the valid issuance of a patent based on the second application, Mr. Justice Holmes, speaking for the Court, said, "The delays of the Patent Office ought not to cut down the effect of what has been done. . . . [The first applicant] had taken steps that would make it public as soon as the Patent Office did its work, although, of course, amendments might be required of him before the end could be reached. We see no reason in the words or policy of the law for allowing [the second applicant] to profit by the delay . . . ." At p. 401.
大法官認為，說明書所揭示內容，變成前案的效力是發生於申請當時而不是公開時間點，智財局延遲公開申請案的內容，不應影響已完成的動作，且沒有好的理由讓第二個申請人受益於智財局因行政作業所造成的公開延遲。
8/21/2009
二、技術的動態（6）
（6）顯示技術開發之發展的圖
圖18係，針對以核心技術相互連結相異領域之要素技術，以新方式或新構造等的技術專利出現的順序，並排整理而成的圖。
從此專利圖，能夠觀察到該技術的技術體系、技術開發的廣度、於個別技術中所必須注意的具體專利。而且可以了解技術的整體面，撐握新技術開發的方向，及得到新製品企畫的靈感。
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本篇內容，使摘自「Guide Book for Practical Use of "Patent Map for Each Technology Field"（Invention Research Institute at the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation）」的日文版。請參考「GBFPM」的標籤。
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二、技術的動態（4）
（4）補捉技術開發課題的動向的圖
圖14稱為矩陣分析圖。
藉由將從專利資訊而得之技術要件（目的及機能等）間的關連，製作成矩陣，能夠把握主要技術開發課題。甚者，再加上時間軸，能夠補捉到技術開發課題的動向。籍此，能夠了解技術的趨勢，進行技術開發的企畫、提案時，能夠有效地選擇開發主題、優先順序等。
圖15為關於流動層式焚化爐的 dioxin decomposition的技術圖。由圖15可知，大部分係以直接影響 dioxin decomposition的分解的流動床燃燒特性、二次燃燒混合及溫度控制，為申請主體。
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本篇內容，使摘自「Guide Book for Practical Use of "Patent Map for Each Technology Field"（Invention Research Institute at the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation）」的日文版。請參考「GBFPM」的標籤。
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四、顯示申請人資訊的圖（4）
（4）顯示業務種類的申請構成圖
對特定領域的申請人進行業務種類的分類，並顯示各類別之申請人數及申請件數。依據此圖，能夠了解（1）對象技術分類是否為特定業界扮演主導角色的寡占分類；或是（2）共存有各種業務種類，且為進入障礙較低的領域。
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本篇內容，使摘自「Guide Book for Practical Use of "Patent Map for Each Technology Field"（Invention Research Institute at the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation）」的日文版。請參考「GBFPM」的標籤。
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四、顯示申請人資訊的圖（3）
（3）顯示申請人國籍別的申請件數的圖
顯示申請人國籍別的申請件數的圖
由此圖可知國外企業進入國內市場的狀況；以及國外有力企業的動向，能夠藉此得進行對抗商品的開發、技術合作等的經營判斷。
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本篇內容，使摘自「Guide Book for Practical Use of "Patent Map for Each Technology Field"（Invention Research Institute at the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation）」的日文版。請參考「GBFPM」的標籤。
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四、顯示申請人資訊的圖（2）
（2）顯示申請人之種類的圖
「顯示申請人之種類的圖」係將特定技術的申請件數或申請人數，區分為個人、法人及行政機關等所製得的圖。
申請人當中，行政機關最有希望作為技術提供來源，中小企業較多時較容易以新參與者身分進入該技術領域，且能夠藉由此圖，有效建立自己公司技術開發方針的提案。
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本篇內容，使摘自「Guide Book for Practical Use of "Patent Map for Each Technology Field"（Invention Research Institute at the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation）」的日文版。請參考「GBFPM」的標籤。
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8/19/2009
日本特許廳提供的資料
其實，日本特許廳提供了非常多的專利資料，不想工作時常常以逛大街的心態逛街，沒特別留意要做記錄，但剛好當想要卻找不到，還要花時間找，有點可惜。
1、
特許出願技術動向調査等報告
http://www.jpo.go.jp/cgi/link.cgi?url=/shiryou/gidou-houkoku.htm
提供了歷年專利地圖的調查報告。
廢水處理技術
http://www.jpo.go.jp/shiryou/s_sonota/map/ippan08/hajime.htm
2、
技術分野別の主な判決事例集
http://www.jpo.go.jp/shiryou/s_sonota/gizyutu_hanketu.htm
3、
特許性検討会(旧称：進歩性検討会)報告書
http://www.jpo.go.jp/cgi/link.cgi?url=/shiryou/toushin/kenkyukai/sinposei_kentoukai.htm
想要研究如何進行日本專利實務中進步性答辯時，這些報告應該滿有用的。
4、
特許料等の減免制度について
http://www.jpo.go.jp/cgi/link.cgi?url=/tetuzuki/ryoukin/genmensochi.htm
在日本想要辦理審查費減免的資格很困難的，大部分的人都用不到，但日本的審查費及代理人服務費用卻又這麼的高。
三、探詢商業機會（3）
（3）顯示開發課題與技術之對應關係的圖。
圖25係以最近約20年之代表性專利的件數，來顯示半導體雷射中「技術開發課題；及其達成手段之關連技術領域」兩者間的關係圖。
依據最近約20之代表性的專利的統計結果，可知開發方向集中於高機能化的技術。
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本篇內容，使摘自「Guide Book for Practical Use of "Patent Map for Each Technology Field"（Invention Research Institute at the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation）」的日文版。請參考「GBFPM」的標籤。
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圖25係以最近約20年之代表性專利的件數，來顯示半導體雷射中「技術開發課題；及其達成手段之關連技術領域」兩者間的關係圖。依據最近約20之代表性的專利的統計結果，可知開發方向集中於高機能化的技術。
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本篇內容，使摘自「Guide Book for Practical Use of "Patent Map for Each Technology Field"（Invention Research Institute at the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation）」的日文版。請參考「GBFPM」的標籤。
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8/18/2009
三、探詢商業機會（2）
「補捉技術開發課題的圖」係藉由解讀於特定技術中代表性的專利，來分析發明所欲解決之課題、目的、達成手段及效果，並將其整合成一覽表。於此圖中，由於顯示了具體的課題以及針對該些課題的各種達成手段，因為能夠提供一條捷徑找出自己公司內類似技術問題的解決方案。
此外，係將目的效果及方法手段間的對應關係，能夠讀取出技術開發的方向性。
圖23為顯示植物動物廢棄物之肥料化處理中技術及課題的矩陣圖。由圖23可知，藉由利用微生物、發酵時的通氣或各種的控制，來促進發酵並於短期間內肥料化，是近年來最大的課題。此方法中，雖然前處理是長久以來所一直進行的，但於80年代後半開始，微生物、通氣及控制所組合的技術已受到著目。
此外，關於提高肥料品質的技術，也是最近的重要課題。
圖24為技術的擷取圖，其針對高密度記錄之大範圍的課題，列舉多重記錄方式及多值記錄方式作為具體課題，抽出有基礎技術；以及如 pit shapes and cross-talking等之支持基本技術的關連技術。
高密度記錄是從光碟開發開始時當初到現在的課題，已提出了種種解決手段。其中，針對表示記錄之最小單位的記錄mark形狀下最多的工夫。由於它是可以利用控制雷射來達成的技術，因此較為容易，且於短期間內能夠開發出較多的技術。
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本篇內容，使摘自「Guide Book for Practical Use of "Patent Map for Each Technology Field"（Invention Research Institute at the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation）」的日文版。請參考「GBFPM」的標籤。
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二、技術的動態（5）
（5）補捉負責技術開發之產業的變化。
圖16顯示參與主題技術之主要業務種類的變化的圖。主要業務種類的更替，意味著主要技術的開發推移至新的段階。掌握負責技術開發之產業的變化，能夠有利於把握「新加入」的機會及時點。
於the shape of rotary blades of tenoning machines領域中，在全期間內，將申請件數前十名之製造商，區分為「木工機械」、「電動工具」、「工具」、「建材住宅」及「其他」等業務種類，圖17顯示各別業務種類之申請件數的推移。依據圖17之事例可知，該領域的主角，已從1981~85的「電動工具」業，更替為1991~95的「木工機械」業。基於此資訊，可藉由分析「木工機械」的主要製造商及中心技術，更明確化能夠加入新產業的技術要因。
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本篇內容，使摘自「Guide Book for Practical Use of "Patent Map for Each Technology Field"（Invention Research Institute at the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation）」的日文版。請參考「GBFPM」的標籤。
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二、技術的動態（3）
（3）補捉技術內容變化的圖
圖12顯示不同主要技術依據每年次之申請件數的圖。此圖亦可稱為雙峰圖，藉由比較兩主要技術之差異，而能夠掌握技術的推移。並得知市場需求已減少的技術；或今後新的技術。
圖13為構成光碟之「記錄再生原理」、「光碟載體」及「載體製造方法」三種主要技術之申請件數的推移圖。由圖13可知，於1998年達到技術的成熟段階後，「記錄再生原理」的相關技術開始活發化，並進入下個世代之製品的開發階段。
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本篇內容，使摘自「Guide Book for Practical Use of "Patent Map for Each Technology Field"（Invention Research Institute at the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation）」的日文版。請參考「GBFPM」的標籤。
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二、技術的動態（2）
（2）補捉技術開發的成熟度的圖
圖10稱為生命描繪圖，顯示一個新技術的誕生、成長、發展、成熟、退潮等過程。參考此圖能夠掌握該技術的開發狀況，並決定是否建立新的事業。縱軸為申請件數的變化量（以倍為單位，增加為正；減少為負）
圖11為植物、動物性廢棄物之再利用領域中，將其肥料化相關的技術。橫軸為期間內申請件數的總合；縱軸為後期間相對前期間之申請數量增加的比例。如圖11所示，1987年以後，申請件數的增加量，每期間（4年為單位）增加2倍以上，而且申請人數也是急速的增加。可知新加入的企業或個人隨著每年而增加。
---------------------------------------------------
本篇內容，使摘自「Guide Book for Practical Use of "Patent Map for Each Technology Field"（Invention Research Institute at the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation）」的日文版。請參考「GBFPM」的標籤。
---------------------------------------------------
二、技術的動態（1）
（1）補捉技術開發活動及參與企業之變化的圖
圖9為光碟申請人數對申請件數的推移情況圖。
由圖9可知，光碟業界於1988迎接轉捩點，開始進入退潮期，並且有88~91年的第一安定期及94~97的第二安定期。
圖8為依據年次以申請人數及申請件數為坐標所製作出的圖示。藉由圖8能夠：
（1） 掌握市場的狀況。
（2） 了解目前自家公司的技術領域位於何種階段；
（3） 藉由（2）判斷與其他公司技術合作、限制開發題目及開發方針的時間點。
圖9為光碟申請人數對申請件數的推移情況圖。由圖9可知，光碟業界於1988迎接轉捩點，開始進入退潮期，並且有88~91年的第一安定期及94~97的第二安定期。
---------------------------------------------------
本篇內容，使摘自「Guide Book for Practical Use of "Patent Map for Each Technology Field"（Invention Research Institute at the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation）」的日文版。請參考「GBFPM」的標籤。
專利地圖
提供一學習如何製作專利地圖的電子書。請參考以下連結：
本書是 Invention Research Institute at the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation製作，其實它有日文版。
「技術分野別特許マップ」
http://www.jpo.go.jp/shiryou/s_sonota/tokumap.htm
可由上述連結下載相關介紹，及日本特許廳歷年來所製作的各種專利地圖。
由於好久沒有讀日文了，今後將於此，摘譯本電子書的重要部分，希望我能夠持續，將它讀完。
4/20/2009
英說定型用語
United States Patent 6,624,816
The invention further relates to machine readable media on which are stored (1) the layout parameters of the present invention and/or (2) program instructions for using the present invention in performing operations on a computer. Such media includes by way of example magnetic tape, magnetic disks, optically readable media such as CD ROMs and semiconductor memory such as PCMCIA cards. The medium may also take the form of a portable item such as a small disk, diskette or cassette. The medium may also take the form of a larger or immobile item such as a hard disk drive or a computer RAM.
The invention further relates to machine readable media on which are stored (1) the layout parameters of the present invention and/or (2) program instructions for using the present invention in performing operations on a computer. Such media includes by way of example magnetic tape, magnetic disks, optically readable media such as CD ROMs and semiconductor memory such as PCMCIA cards. The medium may also take the form of a portable item such as a small disk, diskette or cassette. The medium may also take the form of a larger or immobile item such as a hard disk drive or a computer RAM.
英說定型用語
United States Patent 7,346,496
An embodiment of the invention may include functionality that may be implemented as software executed by a processor, hardware circuits or structures, or a combination of both. The processor may be a general-purpose or dedicated processor, such as a processor from the family of processors made by Intel Corporation, Motorola Incorporated, Sun Microsystems Incorporated and others. The software may comprise programming logic, instructions or data to implement certain functionality for an embodiment of the invention. The software may be stored in a medium accessible by a machine or computer-readable medium, such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk (e.g., floppy disk and hard drive), optical disk (e.g., CD-ROM) or any other data storage medium. In one embodiment of the invention, the media may store programming instructions in a compressed and/or encrypted format, as well as instructions that may have to be compiled or installed by an installer before being executed by the processor. Alternatively, an embodiment of the invention may be implemented as specific hardware components that contain hard-wired logic for performing the recited functionality, or by any combination of programmed general-purpose computer components and custom hardware components.
It is worthy to note that any reference in the specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase "in one embodiment" in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
An embodiment of the invention may include functionality that may be implemented as software executed by a processor, hardware circuits or structures, or a combination of both. The processor may be a general-purpose or dedicated processor, such as a processor from the family of processors made by Intel Corporation, Motorola Incorporated, Sun Microsystems Incorporated and others. The software may comprise programming logic, instructions or data to implement certain functionality for an embodiment of the invention. The software may be stored in a medium accessible by a machine or computer-readable medium, such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk (e.g., floppy disk and hard drive), optical disk (e.g., CD-ROM) or any other data storage medium. In one embodiment of the invention, the media may store programming instructions in a compressed and/or encrypted format, as well as instructions that may have to be compiled or installed by an installer before being executed by the processor. Alternatively, an embodiment of the invention may be implemented as specific hardware components that contain hard-wired logic for performing the recited functionality, or by any combination of programmed general-purpose computer components and custom hardware components.
It is worthy to note that any reference in the specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase "in one embodiment" in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
英說定型用語
United States Patent 5,517,651
命名法
NOTION AND NOMENCLATURE
The detailed descriptions which follow are presented largely in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations within a computer system. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to convey the substance of their work most effectively to others skilled in the art.
Generally, and within the context of this application, an algorithm is conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. These steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It proves convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities.
Further, the manipulations performed are often referred to in terms, such as adding or comparing, which are commonly associated with mental operations performed by a human operator. No such capability of a human operator is necessary, or desirable in most cases, in any of the operations described herein which form part of the present invention; the operations are machine operations. Useful machines for performing the operations of the present invention include general purpose digital computers or other similar devices. In all cases, a distinction is maintained between the method operations in operating a computer and the method of computation itself. The present invention relates to method steps for operating a computer in processing electrical or other physical signals (e.g., mechanical, chemical) to generate other desired physical signals.
The present invention also relates to apparatus for performing these operations. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general purpose computer as selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. The algorithms presented herein are not inherently related to a particular computer or other apparatus. In particular, various general purpose machines may be used with programs written in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove more convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these machines will appear from the description given below.
包含變化型
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. However, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.
命名法
NOTION AND NOMENCLATURE
The detailed descriptions which follow are presented largely in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations within a computer system. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to convey the substance of their work most effectively to others skilled in the art.
Generally, and within the context of this application, an algorithm is conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. These steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It proves convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities.
Further, the manipulations performed are often referred to in terms, such as adding or comparing, which are commonly associated with mental operations performed by a human operator. No such capability of a human operator is necessary, or desirable in most cases, in any of the operations described herein which form part of the present invention; the operations are machine operations. Useful machines for performing the operations of the present invention include general purpose digital computers or other similar devices. In all cases, a distinction is maintained between the method operations in operating a computer and the method of computation itself. The present invention relates to method steps for operating a computer in processing electrical or other physical signals (e.g., mechanical, chemical) to generate other desired physical signals.
The present invention also relates to apparatus for performing these operations. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general purpose computer as selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. The algorithms presented herein are not inherently related to a particular computer or other apparatus. In particular, various general purpose machines may be used with programs written in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove more convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these machines will appear from the description given below.
包含變化型
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. However, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.
英說定型用語
US7227802
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the present invention. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being "connected" or "coupled" to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly connected" or "directly coupled" to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a similar fashion (i.e., "between" versus "directly between", "adjacent" versus "directly adjacent", etc.). The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises", "comprising,", "includes" and/or "including", when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
收集一些英文說明書的定型用語，不曉得加入這些句子是否真的有什麼特別的意義，也許在某些情況下，這些句子應該會發揮什麼樣的功用吧。
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the present invention. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being "connected" or "coupled" to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly connected" or "directly coupled" to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a similar fashion (i.e., "between" versus "directly between", "adjacent" versus "directly adjacent", etc.). The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises", "comprising,", "includes" and/or "including", when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
收集一些英文說明書的定型用語，不曉得加入這些句子是否真的有什麼特別的意義，也許在某些情況下，這些句子應該會發揮什麼樣的功用吧。
3/24/2009
方法請求項應與物挷在一起
方法請求項中，於重要的步驟中應確實地記載其他法定類別（物）。對於計算方法及IC類的專利，應特別重視這個備忘錄「May 15, 2008 memorandum issued by Deputy Commissioner for Patent Examining Policy」。
The claims are rejected under 35 U.S.C. 101 as not falling within one of the four statutory categories of invention. While the claims recite a series of steps or acts to be performed, a statutory "process" under 35 U.S.C. 101 must (1) be tied to another statutory category (such as a particular apparatus), or (2) transform underlying subject matter (such as an article or material) to a different state or thing (Reference the May 15, 2008 memorandum issued by Deputy Commissioner for Patent Examining Policy, John J. Love, titled "Clarification of 'Processes' under 35 U.S.C. 101" - publicly available at USPTO.GOV, "memorandum to examining corp"). In order for a process to be "tied" to another statutory category, the structure of another statutory category should be positively recited in a step or steps significant to the basic inventive concept, and NOT just in association with statements of intended use or purpose, insignificant pre or post solution activity, or implicitly.
1、請留意“意見”，也許computer system不能解釋成“particular apparatus”。
4月6日更新。
". . .We leave to future cases the elaboration of the precise contours of machine implementation, as well as the answers to particular questions, such as whether or when recitation of a computer suffices to tie a process claim to a particular machine."
方法請求項要與物挷在一起的範例可以參考U.S. Patent number: 6425017
7. In a computer system, a method of asynchronously remoting method invocations of a client program to a program component via a message queue, the method comprising:
providing a reference for use by the client program to invoke methods on the program component;
responsive to a client program issuing a set of method invocations for the queued component, marshaling data for the method invocations of the set into a message;
upon release of the reference by the client program, submitting the message to the message queue associated with the program component; and
at a later time of processing the message from the message queue, unmarshaling the data for the method invocations from the message, and issuing the set of method invocations to the queued component.
於請求項中主張數值範圍
於請求項中主張數值範圍時，應於說明書中描述所選擇之數值範圍的"不可預期的效果"。
These claims are prima facie obvious without a showing that the claimed ranges achieve unexpected results relative to the prior art range. In re Woodruff, 16 USPQ2d 1935, 1937 (Fed. Cir. 1990). See also In re Huang, 40 USPQ2d 1685, 1688 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (claimed ranges of a result effective variable, which do not overlap the prior art ranges, are unpatentable unless they produce a new and unexpected result which is different in kind and not merely in degree from the results of the prior art). See also In re Boesch, 205 USPQ 215 (CCPA) (discovery of optimum value of result effective variable in known process is ordinarily within skill of art) and In re Aller, 105 USPQ 233 (CCPA 1955) (selection of optimum ranges within prior art in general conditions is obvious).
3/11/2009
【辭典】intervening claims
【辭典】intervening claims
intervening claims即指中介的專利範圍
譬如CLAIM 1~5中, 2,3, 4即為中間的專利範圍
intervening claims即指中介的專利範圍
譬如CLAIM 1~5中, 2,3, 4即為中間的專利範圍
2/05/2009
申請美國優先權文件及檔案歷史
申請美國優先權文件及檔案歷史
申請美國優先權文件及檔案歷史的證明文件其實可以不用透過代理人申請，利用下列網站中提出申請，並以信用卡付費即可，
詳情規定請見該網站
http://ebiz1.uspto.gov/oems25p/index.html
申請美國優先權文件及檔案歷史的證明文件其實可以不用透過代理人申請，利用下列網站中提出申請，並以信用卡付費即可，
詳情規定請見該網站
http://ebiz1.uspto.gov/oems25p/index.html
關於102(e)拒絕理由的答辯方向
關於102(e)拒絕理由的答辯方向
美國智財局內部的訓練教材。
http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/dapp/mpep_examguide.html
其中有一項關於102(e)的訓練教材
http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/og/2003/week02/patguid.htm
IV) Examination Procedures under 35 U.S.C. 102(e) and 374
(1) Determine the effective filing date(s) of the application being examined.
(2) Determine and perform an appropriate prior art search.
(3) Determine if the potential reference under 102(e) is "by another."
(4) Determine the appropriate 102(e) date for each potential reference by following the guidelines below and examples set forth under Part V:
(5) Determine whether 35 U.S.C. 103(c) common assignee considerations apply.
If a 102(e) reference is applied in an obviousness rejection under 35 U.S.C. 103(a) (including provisional rejections) in an application filed on or after November 29, 1999 iv, the examiner should ascertain whether there is evidence that the claimed invention and the reference were owned by the same person, or subject to an obligation of assignment to the same person, at the time the claimed invention was made. A clear statement of entitlement to the prior art exclusion by applicant(s) or a registered practitioner would be sufficient evidence to establish the prior art exclusion. A double patenting rejection, however, based on the 102(e) reference could be applied, if appropriate, even if the reference is disqualified from being used a rejection under 103(a). See MPEP 706.02(l), Eighth Edition (Aug. 2001).
如上所述，克服102(e)前案的作法整理如下四種：
(1)：103(a)規定只有在“by another”的情況下才能當作引證案，所以可以依37CFR1.132，請每位發明人提宣誓書，宣誓前案及後案的發明不是“by another”。
(2)：因美國係以發明日進行審查，因此可以提後案的發明日早於前案的證據。
(3)依37CFR1.130宣誓申請人相同，並提terminal disclaimer。
(4)因103(C)有規定不適合當作前案的一些例外，若符合“the subject matter and the claimed invention were, at the time the claimed invention was made, owned by the same person”的前案，即可直接以103(C)說明，前案為不適合的引證案。
以第4種方法答辯，對公司取得權利後的影響最小，建議以第4種方式答辯，但必須修正請求項範圍，讓前案和後案的範圍不要完全相同，藉以克服102(e)，隨後可能會再次遇到以先前的適用102(e)的前案及103(a)的拒絕理由，因此必須再依103(c)排除102(e)的前案。
美國智財局內部的訓練教材。
http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/dapp/mpep_examguide.html
其中有一項關於102(e)的訓練教材
http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/og/2003/week02/patguid.htm
IV) Examination Procedures under 35 U.S.C. 102(e) and 374
(1) Determine the effective filing date(s) of the application being examined.
(2) Determine and perform an appropriate prior art search.
(3) Determine if the potential reference under 102(e) is "by another."
(4) Determine the appropriate 102(e) date for each potential reference by following the guidelines below and examples set forth under Part V:
(5) Determine whether 35 U.S.C. 103(c) common assignee considerations apply.
If a 102(e) reference is applied in an obviousness rejection under 35 U.S.C. 103(a) (including provisional rejections) in an application filed on or after November 29, 1999 iv, the examiner should ascertain whether there is evidence that the claimed invention and the reference were owned by the same person, or subject to an obligation of assignment to the same person, at the time the claimed invention was made. A clear statement of entitlement to the prior art exclusion by applicant(s) or a registered practitioner would be sufficient evidence to establish the prior art exclusion. A double patenting rejection, however, based on the 102(e) reference could be applied, if appropriate, even if the reference is disqualified from being used a rejection under 103(a). See MPEP 706.02(l), Eighth Edition (Aug. 2001).
如上所述，克服102(e)前案的作法整理如下四種：
(1)：103(a)規定只有在“by another”的情況下才能當作引證案，所以可以依37CFR1.132，請每位發明人提宣誓書，宣誓前案及後案的發明不是“by another”。
(2)：因美國係以發明日進行審查，因此可以提後案的發明日早於前案的證據。
(3)依37CFR1.130宣誓申請人相同，並提terminal disclaimer。
(4)因103(C)有規定不適合當作前案的一些例外，若符合“the subject matter and the claimed invention were, at the time the claimed invention was made, owned by the same person”的前案，即可直接以103(C)說明，前案為不適合的引證案。
以第4種方法答辯，對公司取得權利後的影響最小，建議以第4種方式答辯，但必須修正請求項範圍，讓前案和後案的範圍不要完全相同，藉以克服102(e)，隨後可能會再次遇到以先前的適用102(e)的前案及103(a)的拒絕理由，因此必須再依103(c)排除102(e)的前案。
2/01/2009
追綜修訂模式轉為劃線模式
追綜修訂模式轉為劃線模式
原始來源：patenting a life
http://thinkpatent.blogspot.com/
patent amendment and word vba
To convert the track change formatting to regular word formatting.
The code will change deletion to strikethrough, deletion of 5 chars or less is denoted using [[ ]] . Insertion is formatted with underline.
Another improvement to change the portion in active selection, instead on the whole document. Save the macro in normal.dot, add a command (tool-customize - look for macro) to the toolbar !!
Posted by ifly
at 4:21 PM
原始來源：patenting a life
http://thinkpatent.blogspot.com/
patent amendment and word vba
To convert the track change formatting to regular word formatting.
The code will change deletion to strikethrough, deletion of 5 chars or less is denoted using [[ ]] . Insertion is formatted with underline.
Sub TypeAndStrike()
' Converts tracked revisions in the active document into "type and
' written by Chip Orange.
' modified by iFly
'
Dim chgAdd As Word.Revision
' disable tracked revisions.
If ActiveDocument.Revisions.Count = 0 Then
MsgBox "There are no revisions in this document", vbOKOnly
Else
ActiveDocument.TrackRevisions = False
For Each chgAdd In ActiveDocument.Revisions
If chgAdd.Type = wdRevisionDelete Then
If chgAdd.Range.Characters.Count <= 5 Then
Dim temp1 As Range
Set temp1 = chgAdd.Range
chgAdd.Range.Font.StrikeThrough = False
chgAdd.Reject
temp1.InsertBefore ("[[")
temp1.InsertAfter ("]]")
MsgBox temp1.Text
Else
'normal change just strikthrough
chgAdd.Range.Font.StrikeThrough = True
chgAdd.Reject
End If
ElseIf chgAdd.Type = wdRevisionInsert Then
' It's an addition, so underline it.
chgAdd.Range.Font.Underline = wdUnderlineSingle
chgAdd.Accept
Else
MsgBox ("Unexpected Change Type Found"), vbOKOnly + vbCritical
chgAdd.Range.Select ' move insertion point
End If
Next chgAdd
End If
End SubAnother improvement to change the portion in active selection, instead on the whole document. Save the macro in normal.dot, add a command (tool-customize - look for macro) to the toolbar !!
Sub TypeAndStrike()
' Converts tracked revisions in the active document into "type and
' written by Chip Orange.
' modified by Ifly
' Only operate to selected area in word document
Dim chgAdd As Word.Revision
Dim iStart As Integer
Dim iEnd As Integer
iStart = Selection.Range.Start
iEnd = Selection.Range.End
Set myRange = ActiveDocument.Range(Start:=iStart, End:=iEnd)
' disable tracked revisions.
If myRange.Revisions.Count = 0 Then
MsgBox "There are no revisions in this document", vbOKOnly
Else
ActiveDocument.TrackRevisions = False
For Each chgAdd In myRange.Revisions
If chgAdd.Type = wdRevisionDelete Then
If chgAdd.Range.Characters.Count <= 5 Then
Dim temp1 As Range
Set temp1 = chgAdd.Range
chgAdd.Range.Font.StrikeThrough = False
chgAdd.Reject
temp1.InsertBefore ("[[")
temp1.InsertAfter ("]]")
Else
'normal change just strikthrough
chgAdd.Range.Font.StrikeThrough = True
chgAdd.Reject
End If
ElseIf chgAdd.Type = wdRevisionInsert Then
' It's an addition, so underline it.
chgAdd.Range.Font.Underline = wdUnderlineSingle
chgAdd.Accept
Else
MsgBox ("Unexpected Change Type Found"), vbOKOnly + vbCritical
chgAdd.Range.Select ' move insertion point
End If
Next chgAdd
End If
End Sub
Posted by ifly
at 4:21 PM
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